सामान्य अंग्रेजी में प्रवीणता
(PROFICIENCY IN GENERAL ENGLISH)
प्रश्न 11. वाक्य क्या है? वाक्य कितने प्रकार का होता है? What is Sentence? How many kinds of sentences?
उत्तर- वाक्य (Sentence)- A group of combination of words expressing thought/sense is called a sentence. A sentence expresses a complete sense. The sense is not complete, unless something is said about something else.
Kinds of Sentences
There are four different kinds of sentences-declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamatory.
1. Declarative- A sentence is declarative which simply affirms or denies something. A declarative sentence makes a statement or assertion. Statement may be affirmative or negative.
Mohandas Karam Chand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869.
He did not get much help from others.
2. Interrogative.-A sentence that inquires about something or puts question is called interrogative.
Was M.K. Gandhi born on October 2, 1869 ?
Was Pt. Nehru the first Prime Minister of India?
Was Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution?
Was Dr. Rajendra Prasad President of the Constituent Assembly?
3. Imperative. – An imperative sentence gives a mild command, or makes request, entreaty or expresses wish.
Tell me the year in which M.K. Gandhi was born. (Command)
Have mercy upon us. (Request)
Save me. (Entreaty)
God save the King (Wish)
4. Exclamatory. – An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong or sudden feeling.
What a great constitutionalist he was!
Have you read that book!
Ye tu Brute!
प्रश्न 12. (क) पार्ट ऑफ स्पीच का संक्षेप में वर्णन कीजिए। Explain briefly the Parts of Speech.
(ख) टेन्स (काल) क्या है? टेन्स के कितने प्रकार होते हैं? What is Tense? How many kinds of Tenses are there?
उत्तर (क) -Part of Speech- According to their use words are divided into different kinds or classes, called parts of Speech. They are differentiated according to the role they play in a Sentence. They are eight in number.
(1) Noun- A noun is usually defined as the name of a Person, a place, a thing, or an idea.
Example –
(1) Mahatama Gandhi was a great man.
(ii) Kolkata is on the Hoogly.
(i) True beauty lies within us all.
Person- Mahatama Gandhi,
Place- Kolkata,
Idea- Beauty,
Thing- gun, car, and others
(2) Pronoun- A Pronoun is usually defined as a word that takes the Place of a noun or another Pronoun.
Example-
(i) Bharati did not come as She was ill.
(ii) Sandeep failed because he did not study.
In these Sentences the word She is used for Bharati and the word he is used for Sandeep.
(3) Adjective- An Adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning of a Noun or pronoun.
Example-
(i) Sohan is a bad boy.
(ii) She is an intelligent girl.
(4) The Verb- A verb is a word used to say something about some Person, Place or thing
Examples-
(i) Rama goes to School.
(ii) Bombay is a beautiful City.
(5) Adverb- An Adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb.
Examples-
(1) Mohan is a Very bad boy.
(ii) She plays Very good.
(iii) She writes Wrongly.
(6) Preposition- A “Preposition” is a word used before a Noun or a Pronoun to show how the Person or thing denoted by it stands in relation to something else.
Example-
(1) She went to Bombay.
(ii) My book is in the bag.
(iii) This road runs near the City.
(7) Conjunction- A “conjunction” is a word used to connect two words, clauses or sentences. For example-
(i) Mudit and Vidit came here.
(ii) Do or die.
(iii) She came but went away Soon.
(8) Interjection- An interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling. Interjections express some feeling of the mind.
Example-
(i) Hurrah! we have won the game.
(ii) Alas! She is dead.
(iii) Bravo! you have done well.
उत्तर (ख)- Tense- The tense is related to verb. The tense of a verb denotes the time of an event or action. There are three tenses
(1) Present Tense- If refers to present time.
ex.- (i) He reads a book.
(ii) You write a letter.
(2) Past Tense– It refers to past time.
ex.- (1) He wrote a letter.
(ii) Rama went there.
(3) Future Tense- It refers to future time.
ex. (i) He will do the work
(ii) She will read a book.
Each tense has four forms-
(i) Indefinite Tense
(ii) Continuous Tense
(iii) Perfect Tense
(iv) Perfect Continuous Tense
(i) Indefinite Tenses
(A) Present Indefinite Tense— इसको तीन भागों में बाँटा जाता है-
(1) Affirmative Sentences-
जैसे- I write a letter
You run very fast.
(2) Negative Sentences- Negative sentence in Present indefinite tense is formed by using do not or does not.
ex. He does not work hard.
We do not sleep in the room.
(3) Interrogative Sentences- Do or Does is used as auxiliary verb along with the first form of verb.
ex. – Does Rama go to the station daily?
Where do you live?
(B) Past Indefinite Tense-
(1) Affirmative – कर्ता के साथ verb का second form लगाया जाता है।
ex. I wrote a letter.
(2) Negative— कर्ता के साथ did not तथा verb की first form लगायें।
ex. He did not work hard.
(3) Interrogative— कर्ता से पहले सहायक क्रिया did लगाकर कर्ता के बाद verb का first form लगाया जाता है।
ex. Did Rama go to the station.
(C) Future Indefinite Tense-
(1) Affirmative— यहाँ कर्ता के साथ will or shall का प्रयोग होता है।
ex. I shall write a letter. She will do her work.
(2) Negative ex.- He will not word hard.
(3) Interrogative- ex.- Will Rama go to the station daily?
(ii) Continuous Tense
(A) Present Continuous Tense-
(1) Affirmative Sentences-
ex. I am sleeping here. You are buying a book.
(2) Negative- Not is used between auxiliary verb and main verb.
ex. They are not reading the book.
She is not singing a song.
(3) Interrogative
ex.- Is Rama bathing in the Gangas?
Why are you calling him?
(B) Past Continuous Tense-
(1) Affirmative— I was sleeping here.
(2) Negative – ex- They were not running on the road.
(3) Interrogative- ex- Was Rama bathing in the Gangas?
(C) Future Continuous Tense– It represents an action as going on at some time in future.
(1) Affirmative— I, we के साथ shall be तथा अन्य सभी subjects के साथ will be लगाते हैं।
ex. I shall be sleeping here.
(2) Negative— इसमें will या shall के बाद, किन्तु be से पूर्व not बढ़ा देते हैं।
ex. They will not be running on the road.
(3) Interrogative – ex-(i) Will Rama be bathing in the Gangas?
(ii) When will your father be comming here?
(iii) Perfect Tense
(A) Present Perfect Tense– It shows that work is completed at the time of speaking
(1) Affirmative— इसमें Nouns के साथ Has or Have लगाकर verb की third form का प्रयोग करते हैं-
ex. He has gone to Kanpur.
(2) Negative— इसमें has/have के बाद Not बढ़ा देते हैं।
ex- They have not slept
(3) Interrogative-
ex. Has the Sun risen?
Who has called you?
(B) Past Perfect Tense – इस Tense का प्रयोग भूतकाल में उस कार्य या घटना को व्यक्त करने के लिए किया जाता है जो भूतकाल में किसी अन्य कार्य या घटना या एक निर्दिष्ट समय से पूर्व समाप्त हुये हैं।
(1) Affirmative–
ex. I had done my work before you came
(2) Negative- ex- We had not taken our food before Hari went.
(3) Interrogative- ex- Had the Sun risen after Rama had bathed?
(C) Future Perfect Tense-
(1) Affirmative इस Sentence में shall have or will have का प्रयोग करके verb की third for लगाते हैं।
ex- I shall have done my work
(2) Negative- ex- They will not have slept.
(3) Interrogative-
ex. (i) Will the sun have risen before Rama bathes?
(ii) Which song will you have sung before he sleeps?
प्रश्न 13. (A) Combine the following sets of simple sentences into one simple sentence-
(1) I found the book. The book was lost.
(2) He saw the danger, He returned home.
(3) He wrote a letter. He posted it.
(4) Annu went out. She was weeping.
(5) Indira Gandhi spoke. She spoke for a few minutes.
(6) Do this work. It should not be delayed.
(7) He did not work at all. He passed.
(8) Columbus discovered America. He was an Italian.
(9) She has failed. She heard the news. She fainted.
(10) Shivansh sold his book. He get five rupees for it.
(11) It was a holiday. We did not go to school.
(12) I take tea. I take toast.
(13) Bandana went to Delhi. Mala also went with Bandana.
(B) Combine each of the following groups of simple sentence into a compound sentence-
(1) A morning walk is useful. It is refreshing.
(2) He was punished. He was fined.
(3) Work Hard. You will fail.
(4) Shivansh was naughty. He was punished.
(5) I cannot help you. I have no money.
(6) She is poor. She is honest.
(7) He was found guilty. He was punished.
(8) I am going to Allahabad. I shall stay there for a day.
(9) Gopal is a lawyer. Gopal is a professor.
(10) I was expecting a friend. He come very soon.
(C) Combine each of the following simple sentence into a complex sentence-
(1) The Aeroplane is late. We know it.
(2) He may be guilty. I cannot say.
(3) What do you teachers say? Listen to it
(4) He will pass. I am hopeful of it.
(5) He works hard. He must passed.
(6) Harsh said to me, “Honesty is the best policy”
(7) I began late. I finished first.
(8) I went to the overbridge. There I saw a dead body. It was badly crushed.
(9) We respect him. He is out teacher.
(10) Do not drink dirty water. You will fall ill.
(11) His arrival is sure.
(12) No one knows him.
(13) He is too slow to catch me.
(14) You may sit any where.
(15) I know his birth place.
उत्तर (A) – One Simple Sentence (एक साधारण वाक्य ) –
(1) I found the lost book.
(2) Seeing the danger, he returned home.
(3) Having written a letter, he posted it.
(4) Annu went out weeping.
(5) Indira Gandhi spoke for a few minutes.
(6) Do this work without delay.
(7) Inspite of not working at all, he passed. बिल्कुल परिश्रम न करने के बावजूद भी वह पास हो गया)
(8) Columbus, the discoverer of America, was an Italian.
(9) On hearing the news of her failure, she fainted.
(10) Shivansh sold his book for five rupees.
(11) It being a holiday, we did not go to school.
(12) I take tea and toast.
(13) Bandana and Mala went together to Delhi.
उत्तर (B) – One Compound Sentence (एक संयुक्त वाक्य) –
(1) A morning walk is useful as well as refreshing.
(2) He was not only punished but also fined.
(3) Work hard otherwise you will fail.
(4) Shivansh was naughty, therefore he was punished.
(5) I cannot help you, because I have no money.
(6) She is poor yet she is honest.
(7) He was found guilty, so he was punished.
(8) I am going to Allahabad, where shall stay for a day.
(9) Gopal is a lawyer but he is a professor.
(10) I was expecting a friend, who come very soon.
उत्तर (C) – One Complex Sentence (एक मिश्रित वाक्य) –
(1) We know that the aeroplane is
(2) I cannot say if he is guilty. late.
(3) Listen to what your teachers say.
(4) I am hopeful that he will pass.
(5) He who works hard must pass.
(6) Harsh said to me, “Honesty is the best policy.”
(7) I finished first though I began late.
(8) I went to the overbridge where I saw a dead body which was badly crushed.
(9) We respect him because he is our teacher.
(10) You will fall ill if you drink dirty water.
(11) That he will arrive is sure.
(12) No one knows who he is.
(13) He is so slow that he cannot catch me.
(14) You may sit wherever you like
(15) I know where he was born.
14. (A) Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice-
(1) I like this pen.
(2) I shall play a game.
(3) I have done the work.
(4) Give the order.
(5) I know him well.
(6) He saw a sight.
(7) He ran a race.
(8) Write a letter.
(9) Please enter by this door.
(10) Please sit down.
(B) Change the following sentences from Passive to Active—
(1) This letter is written by me.
(2) He was praised by his father.
(3) A lion was seen by me.
(4) Jeetendra will be loved by Annu.
(5) A book will be purchased by her.
(6) He was laughed at by all his friends.
(7) Let him be loved.
(8) Ink is contained in this inkpot.
(9) Shivansh was made monitor by the teacher.
(10) The enemy was defeated by Netaji.
उत्तर (A)-Passive Voice-
(1) This pen is liked by me.
(2) A game will be played by me.
(3) The work has been done by me.
(4) Let the order be given.
(5) He is well known to me.
(6) A sight was seen by him.
(7) A race was run by him.
(8) Let a letter be written.
(9) You are requested to enter by this door.
(10) You are requested to sit down.
उत्तर (B)-Active Voice-
(1) I write this letter.
(2) His father praised him.
(3) I saw a lion.
(4) Annu will love Jitendra.
(5) She will purchase a book.
(6) All his friends laughed at him.
(7) Love him.
(8) This inkpot contains ink.
(9) The teacher made Shivansh monitor.
(10) Netaji defeated the enemy.
15. Transform the following sentences as directed within the brackets-
(1) Saurabh is a obedient student. (Interrogative)
(2) It is not good to help him. (Interrogative)
(3) Is man not mortal. (Assertive)
(4) He is rich (Negative)
(5) Man is Mortal. (Negative)
(6) He is too strong to yield. (Negative)
(7) Dr. Bandana wrote the book. (Negative)
(8) As soon as I reached there, he went out. (Negative)
(9) Do not read this lesson. (Affirmative)
(10) He did not care for his studies. (Affirmative)
(11) This work is not easy. (Affirmative)
(12) Do not tell a lie. (Affirmative)
(13) His arrival is sure. (Complex)
(14) He is too slow to catch me. (Complex)
(15) I know where he was born. (Simple)
(16) He is so slow that he cannot catch me. (Simple)
(17) The sun having set, we went home. (Compound)
(18) He is weak, therefore he cannot walk. (Complex)
(19) Learn your lesson and you will pass. (Complex)
(20) He took off his hat and went to school. (Simple)
(21) Harsh is better than Harshit. (Negative)
(22) I am not without hope. (Affirmative)
(23) This news is true. (Negative)
(24) Nobody has seen the wind. (Interrogative)
(25) Everybody would like to be rich. (Interrogative)
उत्तर – (1) Is Shaurabh not an obedient student?
(2) What good is it to help him?
(3) Man is mortal.
(4) He is not poor.
(5) Man is not immortal.
(6) He is so strong that he cannot yield.
(7) Dr. Bandana did not fail to write the book.
(8) No sooner did I reach there than he went out.
(9) Omit this lesson.
(10) He neglected his studies.
(11) This work is difficult.
(12) Refrain from telling a lie.
(13) That he will arrive is sure.
(14) He is so slow that he cannot catch me.
(15) I know his birth place.
(16) He is too slow to catch me.
(17) The sun had set and we went home.
(18) He cannot walk as he is weak.
(19) If you learn your lesson, you will pass.
(20) After taking off his hat, he went to school.
(21) Harshit is not so good as Harsh.
(22) I am hopeful.
(23) This news is not false.
(24) Has anybody seen the wind?
(25) Who would not like to be rich?
प्रश्न. (a) Define Direct and Indirect Speech.
(b) Change the following sentences into Indirect Narration-
(i) Ratan says, “Father is not at home.”
(ii) You will say, “Jawahar is strong in English.”
(iii) He said, “God is one.”
(iv) Shivansh said, “I am reading a letter.”
(v) The teacher said, “Mrs. Indira Gandhi died in 1984.”
(vi) She said, “He can sing.”
(vii) The Patrika said, “We are not responsible for errors in the Publication of the result.”
(viii) Annu said, “You did not come in time.”
(ix) He said to me, “Are you a scout?”
(x) I said to Bandana, “How will you explain this?”
(xi) He said, “Alas! I am ruined.”
(xii) He said, “Hurrah! We have won.”
(xiii) I said, “Good morning, my friend!”
(xiv) I said, “May my enemy go to hell!”
(c) Turn the following sentences into Direct Narration-
(i) He asked me if I would go there.
(ii) He enquired of me when Hari went to school.
(iii) He asked her why she was weeping.
(iv) The teacher ordered the boys not to make a noise.
(v) My friend advised me to work hard.
(vi) Rama proposed to his brother that they should play.
(vii) He prayed that God might bless our Principal Shri H.S. Upadhyay.
उत्तर (a)- Direct Speech.- It gives the exact words of the speaker, in the first person. It occurs in an ordinary narrative, it is marked off by inverted commas “” and a new paragraph is given to each speaker.
Indirect Speech or Reported Speech.- It gives the remarks of the speaker as quoted by someone else: it is therefore introduced by a verb of saying (“he said that” “he replied that”, etc.) and is in third person.
Example-
Rules for changing Direct into Reported/Indirect Speech
When principal verb is in past tense then all the tenses of present in direct speech are changed accordingly in past tense:
(i) A simple present becomes simple past; as,
Direct speech- Mohan said, “I am unwell”.
Indirect speech– Mohan said that he was unwell.
(ii) A present continuous becomes Past Continuous; as,
Direct speech- He said, “My master is writing letters”.
Indirect speech- He said that his master was writing letters.
(iii) A present perfect becomes past perfect; as,
Direct speech- He said, “I have passed the examinations”.
Indirect speech- He said that he had passed the examinations.
उत्तर (b)- (i) Ratan says that Father is not at home. [Indirect]
(ii) You will say that Jawahar is strong in English. [Indirect]
(iii) He said that God is one.
(iv) Shivansh said that he was reading a letter.
(v) The teacher said that Mrs. Indira Gandhi died in 1984.
(vi) She said that he could sing.
(vii) The Patrika said that it was not responsible for errors in the publication of the result.
(viii) Annu said that he had not come in time.
(ix) He asked me if I was a scout.
(x) I asked Bandna how she would explain that.
(xi) He exclaimed with sorrow that he was ruined.
(xii) He exclaimed Joyfully that they had won.
(xiii) I wished my friend good moming
(xiv) I cursed that my enemy might go to hell.
उत्तर (c)- (i) He asked me if I would go there. [Indirect]
(i) He said to me, “will you go there?”[Direct]
(ii) He said to me, “when was Hari go to school?”
(iii) He said to her, “Why are you weeping?”
(iv) The teacher said to the boys, “Do not make a noise”.
(v) My friend said to me, “work hard.”
(vi) Rama said to his brother, “Let us play.”
(vii) He said, “May God bless our Principal Shri H.S. Upadhyay!”
17. (A) Explain the kinds of Articles and correct the following sentences-
(i) Here is a orange for you.
(ii) I am studying at an University.
(iii) This is an useful thing.
(iv) I shall give you an one-rupee note.
(v) Sita is a honest girl.
(vi) He is a best boy of his class.
(vii) Kalidas is a Shakespeare of India.
(viii) Earth moves round the sun.
(ix) The honesty is best policy.
(x) My brother is a M.A.
(xi) Poor are Unhappy.
(xii) This is an useful book.